Unions and Compensation in Major League Baseball

Baseball as a game in the U.S. follows its beginnings back to the year 1978, when the game had no proper standards and unique supplies. In spite of the fact that the game right now was â€Å"crude† because of absence of rules, appropriate association and portrayal, this never forestalled its spreading due to its fame that was spreading quick among the American residents. Promoting We will compose a custom paper test on Unions and Compensation in Major League Baseball explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More By late 1860’s there was calls for need to professionalize the game; something that added to its improvement into a national game. Because of numerous complexities that were emerging because of the uncontrolled rate at which the game was extending, there was requirement for arrangement of a national body that was to oversee the game; consequently the development of the National Association of Baseball players (NABBP). In spite of the fact that not all c lubs joined the association, in any event those that went along with it made it to develop as a national association that oversaw baseball exercises. With time because of broadening of the game, there has been many significant changes and re-association of the game, consequently its current status as a notable and regarded game. For instance, albeit already people had attempted to professionalize the game, there endeavors accomplished less because of numerous divisions and fights that existed. From numerous points of view, this administrative fights and divisions were the fundamental givers or significant structure squares of the at present existing baseball improvements. For instance, the administrative fights prompted the development of the USA Baseball in 1978; an association ordered with the job of overseeing the game in the U.S. this association intently works together with the U.S. Olympic council in attempting to improve the nature of the game. It accomplishes this through ad vancing of a few exercises that incorporate significant competitions, minor and significant associations. Dominant part of members in these exercises are either secondary school understudies or person who have held onto the game as their expert movement. This association has prompted the accomplishment of the game, since it has empowered the group to win various awards both in national and worldwide competitions (History of Baseball, (n.d.), p.1). This paper will talk about ideas of the unionization of expert baseball, effects of the unionization of the game to players, chiefs and the game when all is said in done. It will additionally examine the jobs played by the baseball associations as concerns player compensation and remuneration; essentially on factors that decide player compensations.Advertising Looking for exposition on wellbeing medication? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More History of Professional Baseball Unions Pr ior to 1871, baseball had no sorted out proficient administration bodies, but instead the game adhered to casual techniques and rules. What's more, as a result of the casual association of the game, there were no unique playing types of gear and norms, which players and groups were to meet. Despite the fact that this was the situation, it never went on for long with the development of the National Association of expert Baseball players in 1871. The administration ordered this association with the general job of controlling the game, sorting out competitions, and managing issues that emerged in during the game or among various members and partners. In spite of the fact that this was an expert body, which in like manner situations should be efficient and organized, NABBP did not have the necessary basic association, something that made it difficult for it to control player’s undertakings (Baseball Labor History, 1997, Para. 1-2) . This is on the grounds that numerous players ha d no single clubs they could distinguish themselves with, in light of the fact that they continued moving starting with one then onto the next in for search â€Å"greener pastures†. This never went on for long, on the grounds that later on in 1876 under the authority of Hulbert, the National League of Professional Baseball Players came to presence. The essential point of this association was to control the excessive developments of players across various groups with no conventional strategies. What's more, William’s another point was to guarantee that, club directors had significant authority over these groups and not as the case was beforehand where players had all the opportunity of doing whatever they wished. Numerous progressions came because of the development of this association, a model being the choice of five best players to join significant clubs that administrations chose at the end of each playing period. The administrations named this the â€Å"reserve Cl ause†, something that added to the presentation of legally binding terms. Authoritative terms from numerous points of view accompanied numerous impediments on players in that, there opportunity was presently restricted as a result of refusal of move rights. Moreover, already players could arrange their installment terms, anyway with the presentation of this proviso, such rights were restricted to players, rather the group proprietor had the privileges of choosing the compensation and advantage sums. Then again, these presented another idea of agreement restoring, whereby clubs could â€Å"sell’ their players to different clubs in return for cash in spite of the fact that players were reluctant to join such clubs. The entire thought of baseball players’ compensation experienced numerous progressions as time progressed on the grounds that the nature of the game was falling apart; a factor that came about because of low persuasive levels in players since, clubs pre vented then possibilities from claiming joining clubs of their decisions. Publicizing We will compose a custom exposition test on Unions and Compensation in Major League Baseball explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More likewise, the presentation of the pay top by one baseball club owner; Goodwill Spalding prompted expanded fights in baseball the board. This is on the grounds that each club player was to get roughly $2500 yearly, a sum that was far underneath what was suitable. Numerous people got this with blended responses, subsequently causing the arrangement of another baseball association called Brotherhood Professional Baseball Players. This association appeared on the grounds that larger part of individual felt that club proprietors were overexploiting players subsequently, abusing their ability. This got a revolt from club proprietors, since they excessively felt separated and scorned by basic players whom they could control. This incited them to respond back b y forcing some uniform charges on players (Baseball Labor History, 1997, Para. 4). In spite of the fact that this group assisted with battling for players’ rights, it never went on for long on account of the resistance that it looked from club proprietors; fundamentally Spalding, consequently the re-selection of the past save provision. Numerous players contradicted this proviso since it compelled their privileges, something that prompted the documenting of a legal dispute in mid 1920’s, which the baseball won. This denoted the beginning of the numerous cases that followed because of fights between baseball players and club proprietors; a factor that fundamentally added to the call for reformulation of the baseball antitrust law. This calls yielded little on the grounds that, the overexploitation proceeded for quite a while, subsequently making players to consider the choice of shaping a mammoth baseball association to protect their privileges. Furthermore, the way tha t players had issues with club proprietors as concerns annuity designs likewise contributed incredibly to the require the arrangement of a great association that was to anticipate the explanation of players’ rights. Albeit most baseball leader’s endeavors increased pretty much nothing, the battle to unionize baseball never halted in light of the fact that as time progressed numerous others and players thought of activities whose primary command was to battle for baseball players rights. For instance, in mid 1990’s through coordinated effort with other baseball partners, baseball players framed the Player’s Protective Association (PPA). This organization’s primary command was to battle for players’ compensation rights and improvement of playing conditions. Later on in 1912, through joint effort with different bodies that battled for other game players’ rights, baseball players thought of the Fraternity of Professional Baseball Players; an association that likewise was to battle for their privileges. Little achievement of these associations never prevented players from battling for portrayal, in light of the fact that in 1946 they framed another body that was to verbalize their privileges called the American Baseball Guild (Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA), 2010, p.1).Advertising Searching for exposition on wellbeing medication? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Still up to mid the nineteenth century these framed associations had accomplished little as concerned the annulling or rebuilding of the save provision. It is critical to note here that, the significant motivation behind why the players needed to dispense with or change the hold proviso is on the grounds that, it had attached players to explicit clubs subsequently, denying them move rights to clubs they ached to move to. The little accomplishment by recently shaped baseball associations was not an unsettling component to players. This is on the grounds that in spite of the fact that the natural products from such associations were less, in 1965 players re-sorted out themselves so as to create legitimate techniques of advancing their sorrow. Their battle for acknowledgment made at that point to look for help from outer sources; henceforth the designating of Marvin Miller as their pioneer. This denoted the beginning of a significant change as far as baseball associations in light of th e fact that the arrangement later ended up being achievement factor in light of his illustrative abilities. Players named him since they accepted that Marvin had the force

Contemporary Issues in Management Essay

Coursework Header Sheet 179236-102 Course Coursework Tutor BUSI1475: Contemporary Issues in Mngt Essay G Symon Course School/Level Assessment Weight Submission Deadline BU/UG 50. 00% 01/04/2011 Coursework is receipted on the understanding that it is the understudy's own work and that it has not, in entire or part, been introduced somewhere else for appraisal. Where material has been utilized from different sources it has been appropriately recognized as per the University's Regulations seeing Cheating and Plagiarism.Tutor's remarks As concurred with Dr Symon Grade For Office Use Only__________ Awarded___________ Moderation required: yes/no Tutor______________________ Final Grade_________ Date _______________ The contemplations of going worldwide and working in nations that authorize the utilization of youngster work. Presentation when in doubt youngster work is ordinarily characterized as the maltreatment of kids inside a workplace (Payne, 2006). As indicated by Payne (2006) kid work can be perceived in various nations around the world.In 2006 a report created by the International Labor Organization (ILO) broadcasted that there were an expected 166 million youngsters between the ages of 5 and 14 years who were sorted as kid laborers (Dinopoulos and Zhao, 2007). Payne (2006) states that there are a few intentions encompassing the motivation behind why youngsters work, with one of the principle reasons being destitution. Anyway it is accepted that guardians would just anticipate that their kids should work so as to help the family monetarily (Luetge, 2005). Along these lines, Dinopoulos and Zhao (2007) express that kid work is for the most part regarded to be unacceptable.In numerous rates this is because of the undesirable and dangerous conditions that the kids are compelled to work in (Dinopoulos and Zhao, 2007). Furthermore and similarly as significantly the conspicuous obstacle of a youngster? s way to training could be seen as an inadmissible factor of young ster work (Dinopoulos and Zhao, 2007). Luetge (2005) sees kid work from a financial viewpoint, expressing that as associations can bear to trade kid laborers with grown-up laborers, most very much created nations currently see youngster work as unnecessary.Through the utilization of client blacklists and the acquaintance of worldwide work gauges with decline business openings, it tends to be seen that endeavors have been made to stop the utilization of kid laborers (Edmonds and Pavcnik, 2005). Anyway there is chiefly nothing to situate the destruction of the utilization of kid laborers in and around the globe (Edmonds and Pavcnik, 2005). In view of this subject, this paper will try to take a gander at the worries that supervisors need to consider while going worldwide and assembling in nations that authorize the utilization of youngster labour.This article will right off the bat assess what sway globalization has on more unfortunate social orders and whether this procedure affects t he event of kid work. Following on from this, the paper will evaluate if the utilization of youngster work is in reality moral and good by utilizing the utilitarist, relativist and colonialist viewpoints. Subsequent to analyzing if kid work can be seen as moral, this article will look towards assessing to what level a company ought to be held socially responsible.Finally, this paper will consider the social contrasts that should be considered while working multi broadly. Globalization If an association chooses for take the business worldwide, there are a few issues that should be thought of. For instance, while working in a nation that authorizes the utilization of youngster work, will the organization affect expanding or diminishing the occurrence of kid work (Sethi, 2006)? As per Page 2 Date 15. 04. 11 Submitted with Extenuating CircumstancesDinopoulos and Zhao (2007) there is a considerable measure of writing encompassing the subjects of financial matters and kid work. Anyway the re is just a constrained measure of writing that joins kid work straightforwardly to globalization (Dinopoulos and Zhao, 2007). Accordingly, there has been a lot of discussion concerning globalization and its consequences for creating nations (Kis-Katos, 2007). All the more explicitly questions can be raised into whether globalization increments or diminishes the rate of kid work (Kis-Katos, 2007).According to Mullins (2007) globalization is characterized as the coordination of associations that exchange and battle in an overall economy. It has been assumed by Meyer (2000) refered to Clegg et al (2008) that representatives profit by associations going worldwide. A solid contention has been advanced that globalization prompts the formation of riches and thriving among the taking an interest countries (Sethi, 2006). Also, numerous financial analysts consider that increments in exchange can have a compelling effect into dispensing with youngster work (Kis-Katos, 2007).Following on from this, Edmonds and Pavcnik (2005) express that globalization produces a more noteworthy interest for grown-up work in the taking an interest nations and can build families? pay rates such that diminishes the frequency of kid work. As plot by Dinopoulos and Zhao (2007) youngsters for the most part work to help and bolster their families who are living in devastated conditions. In light of this, Bratton and Gold (2007) recommend that through globalization society? s profit by higher expectations for everyday comforts and the destruction of poverty.Although there might be certain parts of globalization, numerous scholastics have advanced the contention that globalization has negative results for the taking an interest social orders. Rather than the convictions of Edmonds and Pavcnik (2005), Timlon (2011) states that globalization builds the frequency of youngster work, by raising the requests for merchandise created by kids. Sethi (2006) agrees with this view and expresses that organiz ations augment their incomes and utilize modest, incompetent and bottomless work, regularly through children.Following on from this, it is accepted that less fortunate nations need to likewise battle with natural destitution through increased modern action and an absence of adequate assets because of globalization (Sethi, 2006). In general, globalization is said to negatively affect more unfortunate social orders, through expanded destitution, wrongdoing and the distance of neighborhood organizations and exchange (Clegg et al, 2008). Morals After evaluating the issues encompassing globalization and its impacts on the rate of kid work, it is basic to choose if he utilization of youngster work is in truth exploitative and shameless. As indicated by Bratton and Gold (2007) morals can be characterized as the ethical codes and rules that immediate the conduct of gatherings or people with respect to what is correct or wrong. All through writing there has been a lot of discussion encompass ing the region of morals and kid work (French and Wokutch, 2005). In this way, numerous individuals have made a decision about kid work to be an encroachment of youngsters? s rights and Page 3 Date 15. 04. 11 Submitted with Extenuating Circumstances accept that it is ethically off-base (French and Wokutch, 2005).As an outcome kid work has advanced to be one of the main subjects in the region of worldwide business morals (French and Wokutch, 2005). As expressed by Luetge (2005) despite the fact that the structure of society has been changed throughout the years, moral ideas have continued as before. Accordingly regardless of the disagreements about the morals of youngster work, it is as yet basic to apply ideas to consider what is morally right or wrong (Buller et al, 2000). To recognize whether the utilization of kid work can be seen as moral and good the utilitarist, relativist and the settler perspectives on morals will be assessed.The Kantian perspective on utilitarianism is base d around reason, aim and obligation (Carrigan et al, 2005). It is assumed by Kant that organizations should exist to satisfy the requirements of society and associations have a moral obligation to convey benefits back to people in general (Carrigan et al, 2005; Zekos, 2004). Considering this view, it could be seen that associations are acting morally as they are giving less fortunate social orders truly necessary work. John Stuart Mill? s perspective on morals is likewise classified under the term of utilitarianism (Carrigan et al, 2005).This idea looks towards the best useful for the best number, by expanding delight and diminishing the aggregate sum of torment (Carrigan et al, 2005; Luetge, 2005). Thusly if the utilization of youngster laborers implies that the a great many people are accepting the most satisfaction, at that point this demonstration can be seen as morally right (Mullins, 2007). When taking a gander at the relativist viewpoint it very well may be seen that morals a re based around the accepted practices of the general public that they are practiced in (Carrigan et al, 2005). As per Galbreath (2006) there are no arrangements of overall moral tandards and there can be various understandings of moral convictions and good standards. As expressed by Edmonds and Pavcnik (2005) and Payne (2006) the utilization of youngster work in numerous less fortunate nations is viewed as vital and moral. Nonetheless if an association chooses to see kid work from a relativist perspective, they should know that numerous individuals inside the wealthier social orders oppose this conduct and thus they can feel that the utilization of youngster work is dishonest (Luetge, 2005). These convictions are created in light of the fact that it is expected that associations can bear to trade kid work with grown-up work (Mullins, 2007).As a result of this, individuals from wealthier nations can stand to quit buying products made by youngsters and blacklist organizations that au thorize the utilization of kid work (Nielsen, 2005). As per Buller et al (2000) government is the point at which the host nation? s moral qualities and standards are applied to each nation the organization works in. As it isn't right to try and think about the utilization of kid work in the creation of products in many all around created nations, for example, the UK, the host nation would be believed to be working unethicall

India Compare & Contrast essays

China/India Compare and Contrast expositions The Difference Between Classical China and Classical India Old style China and Classical India were genuinely incredible civic establishments known for their commitments to present day China and India. However as the two created, they demonstrated uniqueness. A portion of the characteristics demonstrated were indistinguishable, and others were not as similar. The religions created in China and India were one of a kind. In China, as opposed to growing undeniable religions, they made increasingly philosophical convictions. Confucianism, the first and generally mainstream of the methods of reasoning, grasped moral ideals and qualities. For instance, it educated to regard ones pioneers, and for the pioneers consequently to be simply and good in their authority. Confucius, the maker of Confucianism, accepted that if the pioneers set a genuine model, his kin would tail it. It additionally worried to get a kick out of information, have a great time learning, to be well mannered, and to have great habits. Its lessons were recorded in the Analects. Daoism is another Chinese religion. Daoism, made by Lao-zi, was somewhat increasingly otherworldly. It grasped natures amicability and secret and had an altogether unique arrangement of morals. Rather than agreement with your individual man and government, the Daoist conviction amicability with nature w as progressively good with economical living and quietude. India, in any case, was an alternate story. Hinduism was the significant religion in India. Hinduism, in contrast to Confucianism and Daoism, is an undeniable religion. It has numerous lords of nature like Daoism, however every god additionally speaks to something increasingly digest. For instance, the divine force of wind may likewise be the god that blows somebody to the correct way in their life. Dharma is something instructed by the Hindus as a manual for living on the planet and still have the option to get a higher otherworldly degree of thought. Likewise, Hinduism isn't as uneven with regards to adjusting legislative issues and government with humanly issues. Confucianism was predominantly founded on an amicable government, and Daoi... <!

314325top00 Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

314325top00 Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers 314325top00 Task Cover Sheet Capability Module Number and Title HND in Business Management BHND 5203 - Strategic Management Understudy Name No. Assessor Shaznan Fairoze Sally (CL/HNDBM/66/47) Ms. Inoka Gunarathne Hand out date Accommodation Date Appraisal type Task Introduction Span/Length of Appraisal Type Individual CW (3000 words) Introduction (15 minutes) Weighting of Assessment half half Student assertion I, Shaznan Fairoze Sally (CL/HNDBM/66/47)certify that the work submitted for this task is my own and research sources are completely recognized. Imprints Awarded First assessor IV marks Concurred grade Mark of the assessor Date Input Form Worldwide College of Business Technology Module: BHND5203 - Strategic Management Understudy: Assessor: Ms. Inoka Gunarathne Assignment:Individual Assignment Solid highlights of your work: Solid highlights of your work: Territories for development: Territories for development: Imprints Awarded: Imprints Awarded: Theoretical I have chosen CIC possessions as the organization for this report and have surveyed it utilizing the Ansoff's Growth Matrix and Evaluated its Business Unit utilizing the GE grid. I created conceivable elective procedures for the organization and related them to meaningful development, constrained development and conservation and picked the best future techniques for the business. Chapter by chapter list TOC o 1-3 h z u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc469389385 h 3 CIC Holdings PAGEREF _Toc469389386 h 3 Ansoff's development vector framework For CIC Holdings PAGEREF _Toc469389387 h 4 Directional Policy Matrix PAGEREF _Toc469389388 h 7 INDUSTRY ATTRACTIVENESS PAGEREF _Toc469389389 h 9 INDUSTRY ATTRACTIVENESS PAGEREF _Toc469389390 h 10 INDUSTRY ATTRACTIVENESS PAGEREF _Toc469389391 h 10 Serious Strength PAGEREF _Toc469389392 h 11 Serious Strength PAGEREF _Toc469389393 h 11 Serious Strength PAGEREF _Toc469389394 h 12 GE MATRIX PAGEREF _Toc469389395 h 12 Conceivable Alternative Strategies CIC can use for its organization development PAGEREF _Toc469389396 h 14 Conservation PAGEREF _Toc469389397 h 15 Significant Growth PAGEREF _Toc469389398 h 15 Restricted Growth Strategy PAGEREF _Toc469389399 h 16 Proper future technique for the association PAGEREF _Toc469389400 h 17 Technique assessment measures PAGEREF _Toc469389401 h 17 Appropriateness: PAGEREF _Toc469389402 h 17 Worthiness PAGEREF _Toc469389403 h 19 Possibility PAGEREF _Toc469389404 h 20 References PAGEREF _Toc469389405 h 21 Table of Figures TOC h z c Figure Figure 1 Ansoff's Growth vector grid PAGEREF _Toc469389858 h 4 Figure 2 Directional Policy Matrix PAGEREF _Toc469389859 h 7 Figure 3 GE MATRIX PAGEREF _Toc469389860 h 12 Figure 4 GE MATRIX (Jurevicius, 2016) PAGEREF _Toc469389861 h 13 Presentation CIC Holdings At first Known as Imperial concoction businesses (ICI) was consolidated in 1964 and cited in the Colombo Brokers affiliation. Presently rebranded as CIC Holdings PLC. The organization started its activities by assembling horticultural funnels and now has expanded into numerous endeavors, for example, Agriculture, Animal feeds, Farm produce, veterinary medication, Agro synthetic concoctions, poultry, Pharmaceuticals and so on. CIC is continually repositioning itself in investigating development segments both locally and all around. What's more, presently has tapped the worldwide markets with Ag ri produce, for example, rice. They work with the strategic vision of: Vision : To be an imaginative Group of organizations making an incentive through powerful satisfaction of market needs. Strategic To upgrade the nature of individuals in the district by building up a various portfolio in Healthcare, modern, buyer items, crop arrangements and administrations, driven by consumer loyalty and enhancements in innovation. We will outfit the capability of our kin to infer upper hand and to increase the value of partners while defending the earth. (CIC.lk,2016) Ansoff's development vector grid For CIC Holdings Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1 Ansoff's Growth vector grid Market infiltration isthe most secure of the four alternatives. Here, the organization should concentrate on extending deals of its current item in its current market . CIC can grow new procedures , to urge more individuals to pick the organization's item or utilize a greater amount of it. As CIC is in the horticultural business, where shoppers buying it utilizes the item in the kitchen, CIC could grow new methodologies, for example, including kitchen utensils for nothing for example : spoons, cups and so on that would bring the clients consideration into buying the item as they could set aside cash from buying those additional utensils. Another procedure CIC could utilize is by including additional item into their bundling for example : adding 200g extra to their 2kg bundle of rice and referencing extra 10% in the bundling to make purchasers mindful of the extra included. A greater amount of the item with similar costs of the contenders would attract consideration from purchasers to buy the item. (Mindtools.com, 2016) Item improvement is somewhat progressively hazardous, on the grounds that you're bringing another item into your current market. Here, the organization is offering various items to similar individuals , who are now mindful and have

Analysis Of Giddens On Agency And Structure Sociology Essay

Examination Of Giddens On Agency And Structure Sociology Essay Anthony Giddens, a celebrated essayist on society, had built up his contemplations in his books quite a long time after year. His book titled, Constitution of Society, written in the year 1986, has leaded him a long ways ahead to accomplish his objectives. Every one of the section, in this book; has secured the office and structure hypothesis and proposes great explanations (Giddens, 1986). The creator has plainly depicted what he implies with the office term. He has additionally given due spotlight on schedule and the social activities for space. The conversation on the methods of dealing with various standards by the individuals, and the social limitations that exists in the general public, are done too. What's more, he utilizes experimental research in his book to expand further the angles related with structure and office inside the general public. The content along these lines talks about the standard practice, which turns into a social go about as a guideline of duality for the organization structure relationship. It expects to comprehend what the quality territories canvassed in the content is. Moreover, more vulnerable areas are likewise given thought. In this way, the report here examines about different parts of relationship that exists among office and structure. The thought of duality by the writer is considered as well, with due spotlight on the book Constitution of Society, by Giddens. The thought of studies done to relate the two terms is likewise secured inside the extent of this report. Besides, the scientists required to investigate the term are additionally examined hereon. This aides in understanding the degree to which both the terms are incorporated in this general public. These all have assisted with coming to specific results of the report toward the end. Conversation Office and structure have been named as fundamental parts in the social setting. These terms are required to relate at either case. Office is named as the capacity of people to produce wide assortment of forces in causal term, while the structure is the arrangement of rules and guidelines existing inside the general public (Frohlich et al., 2001). The connection between these two examples is yet to investigate. A portion of the analysts remain in the point, that the two terms between relate in themselves, while others consider these as various terms. There doesn't exist, any conversation of connection among structure and organization in genuine terms (Macintyre, 1997; Frohlich et al., 2002) as per a portion of the analysts. While others express that, these structure and office are considered as mutually dependent and recursive in nature (Nussbaum and Sen, 1993; Sen, 1992). This unmistakably shows how clashing the terms are in social setting. There is no summed up thought in this field, rather complete fulfillment and disappointment is noted for the current inquiry. This should be additionally investigated to comprehend the ideas related with the terms. There are various settings, which incorporates the organization and structure. Basic powers are the principle determinants for the connection among office and structure (Williams, 2003). In this manner, the basic powers will be considered in conversation to comprehend the idea related with the terms. This may likewise help in investigating the content by Giddens in a superior way. Despite the fact that, in his compositions, the conversation of basic powers is missed, he has endeavored to utilize time and topography as essential parameters in his examinations. There are number of writers who learned about the relationship of office and structure (Musolf, 2003; Callinicos, 2004), anyway the work done by Giddens is essential to note in his books, for example, Constitution of the Society (1986). The greater part of the authors accepted that office and structure are various terms; in any case, Giddens think about them as comparable. Giddens think about these two as various approaches to look a certain something. Scientists add to routine exercises, for example those that happen along these lines for continuation. Routine exercises are considered as social for the association, as these exercises happen in normal design. This customary design further turns into the arrangement of rules for the general public. These principles go about as the social requests for an association. Giddens additionally consider that reality results into arranging us in a superior way. Time and spot are being considered as significant perspectives for the office as well as for the structure of society. The creator thinks about the time as a perspective, which influences the normal practices. Appropriate time the board is useful in achieving great routine exercises. In this manner, creator lays center around right utilization of time to acquire most extreme results. On the off chance that one wishes to produce results, there is the need to perform with double nature. The worked together methodology of utilizing structure and organization is required at such occurrences. This would involve legitimate utilization of time the board strategy to limit the wastage of social time. The creator subsequently lays significance on the time. Time is the perspective that shows routine exercises. Time is a crucial part for ones life. He thinks about individuals to use appropriately the every da y plan, to utilize time. On the off chance that one doesn't utilize time in a legitimate way, it may bring about misfortunes of ones routine arrangement. Giddens additionally talked about the outcomes appended with ill-advised utilization of time the executives. On the off chance that, one doesn't utilize the time in an appropriate way, it influences the normal exercises of a person. Be that as it may, on the off chance that one wishes to take a shot at his insight, he can act well in this field. This influences the organization structure by the confound that creates because of absence of control on structure worried of an element. For the general public to create with its maximum capacity, it will talk about the connection among structure and organization (Hay and Wincott, 1998). This will not be overlooked. Giddens had attempted to expound the point further. In any case, his compositions couldn't depict plainly the point because of absence of clearness in his manner of thinking. His endeavor to add to office structure relationship was however significant, yet for another peruser, it turns into a state of disarray. Giddens, in his book named as Constitution of Society, had not given any away from of the terms considered in his compositions. The substance appears to be difficult to be comprehended by a peruser who has not experienced the past works of the creator. Along these lines, it requires the essential idea to be explained, before experiencing the book. The connection among organization and structure is consistently at enduring (6). It's anything but a one-time process. The creator along these lines endeavored to portray the relationship considering the time-topography as well. This was in accordance with the time the executives of the creator. This exhibits the significance of time, and its connection to the geographic unit. The manners in which land parameters change with time are additionally talked about. Moreover, the variety of structure and organization with various time and geographic areas is considered in the examination also. This connection among office and structure is additionally all around concentrated by scientists, for example, Rothstein and Hall (1993), Thelen, and Steinmo (1992). This is the explanation, numerous analysts endeavored to investigate the relationship. Be that as it may, the multifaceted nature related with them in social setting has gone about as an obstacle to depict the two qualities. Giddens further followed the custom in his works. He couldn't completely investigate the connection between the two terms. The office and structure were not altogether examined in his compositions. The conversation on duality of these terms was there however; the essential ideas related with them were not depicted. Accordingly, on looking opposite side of the coin, we can see that the book of Giddens needs plainly depicting the duality and social practice idea. It doesn't depict the manners by which practices are established, the manner by which it relates social framework and so on. The book likewis e misses practice idea, which is critical to accomplish feasible examination. Therefore, the book is difficult to comprehend for somebody, who has not perused past books of the writer. It straightforwardly sums up the duality structure for understanding the office structure relationship. Along these lines, he made a kind of disarray circumstance in the brains of perusers who have not perused his past works. For a person to comprehend the content by Giddens it gets required to comprehend the essential ideas related with the subject; else, it would get extreme for them to comprehend the conversation done in his works. The creators needs talking about the explanation, why individuals need certain things. It just examines the needs of individuals. The subject here is comprised in a social way. There is additionally the conversation laid that needs emerge from the requirements, which are identified with ontological security. The hypothesis examines the manner in which people can accompli sh legitimate outcomes utilizing the specialists. In this way, the idea of office structure relationship has consistently been an intense assignment. It is with Giddens, yet additionally the specialists, for example, Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991) had neglected to set up a connection between these two qualities of society in the day by day life of the world. There is consequently the need to comprehend the fundamental ideas close by. The social setting, concerning time is to be comprehended at introductory stages. This would help in making a structure for the current point, and the incorporation of these two qualities of society will be done in a superior way. The examination in todays life is investigating further the structure and relationship and the personal conduct standard (Williams, 1995). These further investigations are relied upon to help the general public in dissecting these duality and routine practices in the correct way. There would be absence of clearness, and the results will be with a more grounded look into foundat ion. In this way, the primary concern of disarray exists to realize the connection among structure and office (Gerhardt, 1979), which whenever investigated by the specialists, can prompt achieve certain outcom

Essay on Employment Laws, Policies and Processes

Essay on Employment Laws, Policies and Processes Employment Laws, Policies and Processes Oct 28, 2019 in Law Introduction To select the right person for the available positions, one should use the job interview process and methods that will help to define the necessary knowledge and skills. Moreover, it is crucial to follow employment laws to make the interview more reliable and legal. However, the organization can face different problems while employing temporary workers and independent contractors. Current essay intends to explain employment laws, policies and processes during interview. Moreover, the paper shows the effectiveness of HR policies and reveals the peculiarities of an inconvenient workforce. Body Job interview process presupposes such stages: the selection of applicants, creating the interview, completing the interview, checking availability of interviewers and applicants, entering interview feedback, conducting the interview and its confirming. The job interview process can be planned, but it should also include such features as creativity, spontaneity, strategic thinking, and predictability. It is evident that there should be a mutual cooperation between all participants of the job interview process to make it efficient and fruitful. To choose the needed person for the available positions, one must combine different methods like the Internet job posting, using recruitment agencies, print advertisements, and employee referrals. All these methods will be efficient if one improves and uses them with the creativity (Allen, 2014). In the process of interviewing, it is crucial to consider such employment laws as Fair Labor Standards Act and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Fair Labor Standards Act presupposes providing fair working hours and wages. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 allows employing people with disabilities. Non-compliance with these laws can lead to such ramifications as poor reputation, lack of the talented employees, and complaints about the organization. Employment laws can also establish the positive relations between the organization and government. It is crucial to see the law regulations concerning labor and employment as the driving forces of the company. Moreover, the organization should include employment laws in their policy to fulfill them constantly (Ford, 2014). Order now Live Chat Another issue with the process of employment refers to an unconventional workforce that consists of temporary workers and independent contractors. An unconventional workforce demands following employee-benefit laws. Moreover, temporary workers demand more bonuses and rewards for their work. Another problem with the independent contractors is that they evaluate their knowledge and skills, therefore, the demand compensations and bonuses threatening to leave. An unconventional workforce can be beneficial for the organization as it is dynamic and flexible. However, an unconventional workforce can encounter issues in building relationships with an employer. Building relationships with each worker can encounter such issues as conflicts between team members, dissatisfaction of an employee with his/her position in the company, and low productivity because of the period of adaptation. All these issues can be solved, but an employer should respect his/her employees and create ethical conditions for their adaptation and involvement into the work. During the relationship building process, one should follow such laws as Civil Rights Act of 1964 and American with Disabilities Act to provide an equal attitude to every employee. All these laws forbid discrimination and protect an employee on the basis of gender, national origin, religion, and race. These laws would help to create positive attitudes within the organization. Fair conditions of work can raise the employees productivity and performance. As a result, it can provide a positive legal image and reputation of the company and its leader (Ford, 2014). The effectiveness of the organizations HR processes and policies should be addressed to promotion of the diverse employees. One offers such ways as using of the innovative technologies, implementation of conflict management, integration and socialization of employees. Without doubt, the result and efficiency will not be immediate. However, these ways will influence positively the aspect of the diversity in the workplace. Since the diversity can be viewed as a strength and competitive advantage, it is necessary to apply it properly. Support and encouragement of employees should be also included in HR policy. The organization should develop the strategy to promote the glass ceiling effect and prevent reverse discrimination. One has to recommend implementation of diversity management standards based on the laws and legal regulations. Moreover, it will be efficient to use anti-harassment procedures (Yerby, 2013). Nobody denies the fact that diversity benefits any organization. It is morally correct as it creates an equal opportunity for every employee. Moreover, diversity makes an economic sense. Since a diverse workforce improves the economic growth, it may gain a great consumer market share. The multigenerational workplace creates a sense of security for their stakeholders, customers, and employees. For this reason, the organizations should use this aspect for future perspectives. Diversity management goals should be legally coordinated and used in the interests of both sides: an employer and employees. Conclusion In conclusion, one should say that HR policy of the organization should be based on the legal regulations and laws that guarantee safety and security to every employee. Employers should follow ethical principles when it comes to conflicts and misunderstanding with their employees. Employment laws should be the basis of the processes of selection and recruitment as they open equal career opportunities for employees with the racial and ethnical differences and people with disabilities. Director of HR Department is responsible for following laws and regulations and protecting employees' rights. Both new and current employees should feel comfortable while cooperating with each other due to the organizational culture and legal protection.

Jealousy and the destructive nature of love in Shakespeare’s ‘Othello’, Arthur Miller’s ‘The Crucible’, and Ian McEwen’s ‘Atonement’. - Literature Essay Samples

Compare and contrast the representation of jealousy and the destructive nature of love in Shakespeare’s ‘Othello’, Arthur Miller’s ‘The Crucible’, and Ian McEwen’s ‘Atonement’. When comparing themes of jealousy and the destructive nature of love within literature, the canonical works of Shakespeare’s Othello, Miller’s The Crucible, and McEwen’s Atonement must be considered. The texts offer differing representations based on numerous key factors. Primarily, recognition that the texts were written almost four hundred years apart and as such are evidently influenced by the differing social cultures of their times, is important. Furthermore, they’re influenced by diverse literary trends of different ages; Othello was written during the renaissance and therefore uses conventions of renaissance literature, The Crucible was written during a politically turbulent period and consequently utilises standards of political pieces, and Atonement, written in 2001, reflects the precepts of post-modernism. Despite these conflicting literary styles, the same base ideas regarding the representation of jealousy and the destructive nature of love exi st within all three writings, providing numerous areas in which the pieces can be compared with one another. One interesting reading proposed by literary academics such as Arogundade (2012) is that the motivation behind Iago’s destructive actions is a homosexual love for Othello. This is often substantiated through Shakespeare’s suggestive word choices. For example, Iago’s declaration of â€Å"I am your own forever† in Act 3, scene 3, does not just exhibit the (false) friendship that Iago displays throughout the text, but also carries a homoerotic undertone. Furthermore, Arogundade ncotes that the language is similar to that of marital vows, further evidencing this suggestion of homosexual love. In addition to this, it’s worth considering the coldness that Iago shows not just towards his wife Emilia, whom he kills without thought, but towards women generally. He displays these misogynistic attitudes within the piece through his deduction â€Å"you are pictures out of door†, (Act 2, Scene 1). Not only does he make a sweeping generalisation of all women, as demonstrated by his plural use of ‘pictures’, but ‘pictures’ also implies that women are outwardly false. Conclusively, when considering this interpretation of the text, the destructive nature of love can be considered a product of not just jealousy, but repressed love and sexuality. In Elizabethan England gay sex was a hanging offense, and as such any gay feelings would have to be inhibited. Certainly, numerous actors Laurence Olivier in 1938, David Suchet in 1985, and Ian McKellan in 1989 – have all played the character of Iago as if he were gay, as pointed out by Dickson (2009). Throughout Othello, Shakespeare demonstrates that the main reason the antagonist of the piece, Iago, is so easily and destructively able to incite jealousy within love is through his omniscient, almost God-like ability to manipulate people into situations w here these are inevitable outcomes. An example of this omniscience is given during one of Iago’s many soliloquies, in which he states ‘Trifles light as air/ Are to the jealous confirmations strong/As proofs of holy writ/’, (Act 3, scene 3, lines 332 334). Within this quote, Shakespeare uses two similes, (‘light as air’, ‘strong as proofs of holy writ’), in order to juxtapose the trivial reality of situations with what ‘the jealous’ perceive to be the very serious reality. In the case of Othello, the trivial reality is that Cassio and Desdemona are friends, yet jealous Othello perceives a much more serious ‘reality’; that they are secretly lovers. Shakespeare’s use of ‘proofs of holy writ’ is also relevant, implying that Iago is so adept in his insight into other characters that he is able to work them to a state of jealousy where his sly words are not just those of ‘honest Iago’ , but are as infallible as the bible itself. What’s more, Iago’s exclamation of ‘By Janus!’ in act 1 scene 2, (Janus being a two-faced Roman God who proceeded over the start and finish of conflicts), is also pertinent here. It not only reinforces this ‘holy writ’ concept, but also foreshadows the conflict that Iago will cause through his ‘two-faced’ nature. Comparatively, Miller’s characterisation of Abigail Williams develops a more opportunistic antagonist. Iago’s manipulative nature means he can create situations with outcomes which suit his desires, (for example, through getting Cassio dismissed, and getting Desdemona to plead his case to Othello, he is able to further Othello’s suspicions regarding the two). However Williams is more adept in controlling situations presented to her to suit her best interests. This ability is demonstrated in act one when Abigail decides she will admit to ‘making compac t with the devil’ – when she cries out that she wants to ‘open herself’ to reverend Hale, Miller’s stage directions state ‘they turn to her, startled. She is enraptured, as though in a pearly light’. Through this, Miller demonstrates how expertly Abigail is able to control situations for her own ends. Not only does she ‘startle’ those around her – intensifying the effect of her outburst – but through doing so ensures that she has their full and exclusive attention, distinguishing herself from everyone else ‘as though in pearly light’. Obviously, ‘pearly light’ provides connotations of God, and consequently there’s an implication of Williams receiving not just attention, but adoration – through ‘opening herself’ she will be helping cast out those under Satan’s influence within Salem, and therefore is almost seen as a saviour. This notion is reinforced through ‘enraptured’, with its connotations with ‘the rapture’ Christ’s resurrection, and can certainly be linked to Iago’s God-like insight within Othello; Iago’s omniscient, but within this situation, Abigail has become omnipotent. ‘Enraptured’ also indicates to the audience the satisfaction that Abigail gains from this powerful status. It’s possible that this desire for notice stems from the lack of interest shown to her by Proctor since their affair, especially given the way he rejected her advances at the start of the act. As such, Miller is suggesting that one of the truly destructive aspects of love is simply the loss of a loved one – though Abigail’s motive for later falsely accusing Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft is jealousy over her relationship with John, the numerous accusations that follow these stage directions are simply a result of the neglect that she feels now that her and Johnâ€℠¢s relationship is over. Contrastingly, the ‘antagonist’ within Atonement, thirteen year old Briony Tallis, is somebody whom the readers are intended to be more sympathetic towards, and is generally regarded as a protagonist instead. Throughout Atonement she only has any serious power is when she’s the sole witness of Lola’s rape, and even here she blames Robbie not through malice, but through perceived protection of Lola and Cecilia. Furthermore, a convention of post-modern pieces such as Atonement – the notion that you cannot impartially represent reality – is demonstrated well through Briony’s characterisation. Though she believes that she understands ‘maniac’ Robbie, her whole perception of him is based on events she was indirectly involved in, and as such is biased. Essentially, Briony is not only different to The Crucible’s Williams through the way Williams takes advantage of situations, or with Othelloâ€℠¢s Iago in that he really does understand people, but also to both through the lack of malice behind her destructiveness. Both of the other antagonists are motivated by jealousy yet he only reasoning Briony has for her accusation is because ‘everything fitted’. In McEwan’s descriptions of Briony’s bedroom; ‘a shrine to her controlling demon: the model farm spread across a deep window ledge consisted of the usual animals, but all facing one way towards their owner as if about to break into song’, ideas of spirituality are conveyed to the readers. This is done through use of ‘shrine’,‘demon’, and the idea of all the animals ‘facing towards their owner’, which demonstrates that although Briony doesn’t have the omniscience of Iago, or the omnipotence of Williams, she does covet the ‘God-like’ abilities to manipulate that come through these. ‘As if about to break into song’ r einforces this idea, given its connotations of hymns and praise. Overall the quote demonstrates that it’s Briony’s desire for order – her ‘controlling demon’ – that leads her to mistakenly piece together the information she haw about Robbie and accuse him. If Briony’s compulsions are what lead to her destructiveness, it’s relevant to consider Othello’s hamartia – a ‘fatal flaw’ concept common in renaissance literature which for Othello comes in the form of trust; he is dangerously over-trusting of Iago yet wrongfully suspects Desdemona. Essentially, the quote demonstrates to the reader that it is through his skilled understanding of human nature that Iago is able to orchestrate the sequence of events that lead to the play’s tragic conclusion. Oliver Parker (Othello, 1995) noted this in his film adaption of the piece, with repeated scenes throughout the production in which Iago is seen moving pie ces around a chess board, illustrative of the way he ‘plays’ other characters off of one another. The Crucible is a political text, so the prevalence of ‘coldness’ within the piece is contextually germane. Use of ‘cold’ generates suggestions of the cold war, the ideological fight between American Capitalism and Russian Communism, and Senator Joseph McCartney. An especially significant example of this implication is given when Abigail comments of Elizabeth; ‘She is blackening my name in the village†¦ She is a cold, snivelling woman’, (Act 1, Scene 1). Through this, the audience are given not only the link to the cold war through ‘cold’, but there is also relevance in ‘blackening my name’. Aside from evident connotations of racism – ‘blackening’ having undertones of dirtying, soiling, etc. – there’s also a link to ‘blacklisting’, the process in which someon e became ostracised through links to Communism, again representative of McCarthyism. This theory is reinforced when Parris demands of Tituba ‘Their names! Their names!’, (Act 1, Scene 1), which has strong parallels to ‘naming names’ – notoriously associated with McCarthyism. Though The Crucible is often seen as a commentary on McCarthyism, it could also be considered a commentary on theocracy. In 17th century, theocratic Salem, the Fundamentalist Christian church and the state are not separate. Consequently, Karren (2007) asserts that Miller’s characters ‘rely on faith rather than reason’. Certainly, the quote ‘the Devil is precise; the marks of his presence are definite as stone’, which seems to blur the lines between science and faith, would support this. This emphasis on faith enables Abigail’s envy-fuelled accusations of witchcraft, and also allows them to be so destructive; spiritual belief suffices as â⠂¬Ëœproof’ of the alleged crime. In Bringing’s (2014) theatrical performance of The Crucible, this emphasis on the piece being a criticism of theocracy and not specifically 1600s Salem was highlighted through the use of modern props and costumes, illustrating that the events of the text could depict the consequences of a theocracy in any time period. Similarly, the influence of Christianity is also demonstrated within Othello. When Iago refers to Othello as ‘barbary’, (Act 1, scene 1, line 113), he indicates to the audience that Othello is from North Africa. As such, a plausible assumption about Othello’s religious beliefs would be that he was raised Muslim. Yet, Othello makes Christian references throughout the piece, (‘For Christian shame’, ‘I would not kill thy unprepared spirit’, etc.), and this would suggest a conversion to Christianity – probably upon marrying Desdemona, who almost certainly would have been Rom an Catholic. However, as Othello’s trust and faith in Desdemona’s fidelity decreases, so too does his relationship with Christianity. Reflecting on her murder, Othello likens himself to the ‘the base Judean, threw away a pearl richer than all his tribe’, and Hamlin (2011), offers a reading in which Othello is here comparing himself to Judas within the bible; in the Geneva bible in 1560 it is taught that Judas was ‘Judean’, a member of the Judah tribe. Consequently, this reading would equate Desdemona, ‘a pearl richer than all his tribe’, to Jesus – Othello’s saviour. By ‘throwing her away’, he has also thrown away his chance of spiritual redemption and protection. With this reading, it’s important to consider that if Desdemona saved Othello, Iago corrupted him. In the same way the devil debauches individuals within the bible, leading them away from God, Iago debauches Othello, leading him away fro m Desdemona and consequently, the Christian faith. As Othello gradually loses more and more faith in Desdemona, his trust in Iago increases, effectively finding assurance in the evil that Iago represents. Even at his most basic level, Iago is an immoral character and with â€Å"Virtue? A fig! bodies are our gardens to which our / wills are gardeners†, (Act 1, scene 3, lines 361-63), Iago demonstrates the low value he places on morals and godliness, (‘Virtue? A Fig!’), and the comparatively high value he places on individual wills, (‘our wills are gardeners’). What’s more, ‘Our wills are gardeners’ has further biblical implications, carrying connotations of the ‘garden of Eden’, and the way that ultimately Adam and Eve’s ‘wills’ caused them to eat the forbidden fruit, ‘A fig!’, betraying God. This elucidation is particularly logical when comparing both the Bible’s assertion that a snake urged this original sin and the serpentine links to Iago throughout the text. Emilia speaks of Othello’s jealousy – incited by Iago – as ‘the serpent’s curse’, (Act 4, Scene 2), Othello likens his hatred of Cassio – also incited by Iago – to ‘ aspics’ tongues’, meaning snake venom, (Act 3, Scene 3), and when Iago’s wrongdoings are finally revealed, Lodovico refers to him as a ‘viper’ (Act 5, Scene 2). Essentially, throughout Othello, Shakespeare demonstrates not just the destruction of love through jealousy, but also the destruction of faith. At the beginning of the piece, having married Desdemona and converted to Catholicism, Othello is confident and religiously ‘protected’ – this is even potentially hinted at in the destruction of the almost definitely Muslim Turks on the way to Cyprus – yet as he is demoralised by Iago, losing faith in both Desdemona and God, he becomes a crazed, unstable murderer. Regarding the form of the texts, it’s worth noting that all three texts have recurring ideas – motifs – designed to be representative of jealousy and the destructive nature of love. Throughout Othello, Shakespeare uses a motif of disease which is reflective of jealousy. An example of this is given in the quote from Iago ‘I’ll pour this pestilence into his ear’ (act 2, scene 3, line 323), regarding his manipulation of Othello. Of course, ‘pestilence’ has connotations of infection – the most obvious of which indicates the way in which jealousy will ‘infect’ Othello’s thoughts, and gradually spread throughout the rest of his body, influencing his thoughts and actions. The quote also reflects jealousy and its effects through use of plosive alliteration, (‘pour’, ‘pestilence’), which jars and breaks up the sentence, echoing the way in which jealousy ‘breaks’ Othello. Another motif used by Shakespeare within Othello is that of water. This motif first becomes evident in Shakespeare’s choice of settings; it begins in Venice, famous for its waterways. This storm is referenced in one of the continuous speech references to water. In Act two, Othello says, â€Å"if after every tempest come such calms/ may the winds blow ‘til they have wakened death/and let the labouring bark climb hills of seas/Olympus-high, and duck again as low/ As Hell’s from heaven. If it were now to die/’twere now to be most happy†, (act 2, scene 1, lines 176-82). Within this quote, Shakespeare uses the idea of ‘tempests’ and ‘calms’ as a metaphor for his love for Desdemona; he feels so ‘calm’ in Desdemona’s company following the ‘tempest’ whilst travelling to Cyprus that he wills ‘winds to blow’ on himself to further instigate th at feeling. This could be considered as foreshadowing – though no literal storms are wrecked on Othello, Iago’s actions are as emotionally destructive as a storm would be physically. In this sense, Shakespeare also uses dramatic irony; we know from Iago and Roderigo’s plotting prior to this that Othello’s life is going to go downhill from this point. As such he’s unknowingly ironic in talking about how this ‘tempest’ will ‘waken death’, and how this is the happiest he will ever be. What’s more, the structure of the sentence of the quote is also relevant. Because there are no linguistic features that break up or jar the sentence, and the lines each have a similar number of syllables, (ranging from 7-11), the rhythm flows well, to the extent of featuring some use of iambic pentameter – potentially mirroring the rhythmic motion of a wave. Generally, it can be argued that the continued referencing to water â€⠀œ particularly oceanic – creates a comparison in the audiences’ minds between love and the ocean. Consequently, through this comparison, Shakespeare demonstrates the potential destruction of love; in the same way that the nature of the ocean is constantly changing – alternating between peaceful and tempestuous – love also goes through periods of both calm and destruction. Additionally, the extended metaphor within the quote also conveys an essence of inevitability regarding this; destruction through love is as natural as the ocean itself. Within The Crucible, Miller also uses motifs. As aforementioned, there are repeated references to cold throughout. However, there is also a motif of heat. A primary example of this can be found in the text’s title; within science, a crucible is a piece of equipment used in heating chemicals at high temperatures. The significance of this becomes apparent when through the course of the play, Salem itself becomes a crucible – with continually more pressure and ‘heat’ added to the town as the witch hunt hysteria rises. This finally reaches its ‘melting point’ with the hanging of Proctor – a respected man. Of course, many characters also reach their individual ‘melting points’ when under duress they (falsely) admit to witchcraft. Undeniably, Abigail’s accusations – fuelled by her jealousy of Elizabeth Proctor – provide the ignition for this crucible. McEwan also deploys motifs to explore love’s destructive nature. The theme of triangles is reinforced throughout the novel, and these triangles often represent destruction; the Tallis’ vase ‘splits into two triangular pieces’, ‘Pierrot was missing a triangle of flesh from his left earlobe on account of a dog he had tormented’, a soldier described has ‘obliquely triangular’ injuries, etc. By linking the two ideas – tri angles and destruction – McEwan demonstrates the inevitable destruction of ‘love triangles’. Nelson (2013) suggests this motif represents ‘the triangular relationship among the three main characters in the novel – with Briony present at the top of the triangle’, (see figure 1). Nelson then proposes that this exemplifies Briony’s controlling nature; from the top she oversees Cecelia and Robbie’s relationship and lives. However, another argument is that Briony ‘heading’ the triangle – whilst Robbie and Cecelia are placed alongside each other – signifies the isolation she receives following her accusation of Robbie. This idea of triangles, trios, etc. is also present in Atonement’s form, with the novel being split into three sections, demonstrating that love triangles divide individuals in the same way Atonement is divided. Retrospectively, it’s important to recognise the differing fates of t he texts’ antagonists/protagonists, giving consideration to their contexts. Illustratively, the influence of heavily religious Elizabethan England on Othello necessitated Iago’s ‘punishment’ for his crimes; the piece concludes with his death and presumed damnation. Contrastingly, the effect of Miller’s disenchanted post-war American culture is demonstrated in Abigail escaping Salem and effectively ‘getting away with’ her crimes. In Atonement, the post-modern movement has had an obvious influence in generating sympathy for Briony, who in an outcome somewhere between Othello and The Crucible, isn’t physically affected, (like Iago), through her accusations, but nonetheless doesn’t escape their impact, (like Abigail), instead enduring immense guilt, forcing her to ‘atone’. Conclusively, the texts are on many levels similar in their representation of jealousy and the destructive nature of love. All three texts util ize semiotic motifs, for example. Shakespeare used motifs of disease and water to symbolise the way jealousy spreads and to demonstrate love’s ‘natural’ but potentially dangerous nature. Miller used hot and cold motifs to illustrate characters reaching their ‘melting point’ through jealous actions, and to generate ideas of theocracies. McEwan used a triangle motif to represent ‘love triangles’, and linked this with damage to indicate how damaging they can be. Furthermore, two of the texts exploit structure to demonstrate how destructive love can be; Atonement is broken into three sections in the same way love can split people, Othello features plosive alliteration, separating sentences for the same effect. Additionally, both Othello and The Crucible refer to religion whilst exploring jealousy and the destructive nature of love. The texts’ contrasts emerge through characterisation. In Othello ¸ the antagonist, Iago, is demonstrat ed to deliberately create situations with outcomes to suit his desires; he is proactively malicious, and recognises human nature enough to manipulate emotions such as jealousy, and provoke destruction in love. In The Crucible, Williams is a much more adaptable antagonist, manipulating existent situations to suit her best interests, using threats to grasp at power which she then uses to satisfy her jealous intentions. McEwan’s characterisation of Briony is entirely different to both of the latter, and displays her as a more sympathetic protagonist who destroys love not through jealousy, but misjudgement. Succinctly, a comparison of the representation of jealousy and the destructive nature of love within the three texts reveals that in form and structure the texts represent jealousy and destructiveness of love similarly, but in content and characterisation, they differ.